[gf000]

No, just take a look at how long and smooth does a pinephone run with "GNU Linux" vs stock android.

Android devs actually backported a bunch of work to the mainline kernel with regards to low-level energy management, but that's only one half of the story. The other is your phone stopping unused apps gracefully, and being able to go back to sleep regularly.

[surajrmal]

The vast majority which lives in android userspace. The customer compositor, input stack, wlan daemons, etc, are all tuned and optimized for power efficiency. Also, these days, there is a lot of hardware controlled directly by userspace - it's not just the GPU. And those hardware are generally important for offloading a lot of conpute and reducing wake ups. Things seem to only be trending further in this direction.