[tialaramex]

C++ is a proud New Jersey language. So the priority has been and continues to be ease of implementation. If it's tricky to make it work right, don't sweat it - the users (in this case that's us programmers) will put up with it not working right.

std::variant has valueless_by_exception - the C++ language wasn't able to ensure that your variant of a Dog or a Cat is always, in fact, a Dog or a Cat, in some cases it's neither so... here's valueless_by_exception instead, sorry.

[Maxatar]

Ease of implementation was not the issue here, on the contrary the easier implementation would have guaranteed that std::variant<Dog, Cat> always contains a Dog or a Cat. The issue was performance in that guaranteeing a Dog or a Cat requires dynamic storage duration if either of Dog or Cat has a throwing constructor.

If neither Dog or Cat have throwing constructors, then std::variant<Dog, Cat> is guaranteed to always be a Dog or a Cat.

[tialaramex]

> The issue was performance in that guaranteeing a Dog or a Cat requires dynamic storage duration if either of Dog or Cat has a throwing constructor.

Any need here for an allocator is due to a language defect. Rather than implement a fix for the C++ programming language they just punted this problem to every C++ programmer. That's the New Jersey style.