[potamic]

What if one doesn't own an android/iphone device? Banking is a fundamental need, so most countries regulate them to cater to a wide range of users. In this case it's possible that the bank could be compelled to provide you a 2FA device if you don't have one.

[distances]

I don't think there is such regulation. Many banks simply do not have any other means of authentication any more. They can't give out 2FA devices because their systems just don't support them.

[pjmlp]

Good luck with that, in Germany many public transport operators are moving into app based tickets for the monthly/yearly subscriptions.

You can still get a plastic card, however it requires paying extra and some additional forms, the reasoning being it is not environment friendly.