[rangestransform]

I sometimes prefer to enjoy the benefits of vertical integration, like Apple being able to codevelop hardware and software unrestricted from having to provide a public API at every layer (e.g. airpods device switching), and being able to unilaterally dictate user experience guidelines to app developers (e.g. ask app not to track).

[groggo]

For sure! It's an interesting point. But from an economic point of view, it's better for consumers if there are clean boundaries and every layer is commoditized.