[1718627440]

> Implementing static member functions this way would cause undefined behavior, which is a bug.

Yes. My point is, that it can't be a static member function, because it's overridden by subclasses.

[ryao]

It cannot be overridden by subclasses without risking undefined behavior because there is no this pointer for it to use.

[1718627440]

Yes it can. It simply means the subclass implementation has no access to a this pointer. When would undefined behaviour occur here? When a function tries to use a parameter that does not exist in the function signature, that's a compile time error not UB.

Maybe you think that, because a this pointer is needed for dynamic dispatch? A this pointer exists there, it is just not passed to the implementation.