https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/topics/latest-news/20...
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/306683/1/GLO-DP-1530...
In Canada, economic immigrants are net positive while refugees and sponsored (family reunion) immigrants are net negative.
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/102505/1/MPRA_paper_102505.p...