[rlupi]

That's an interesting question. I don't know the answer.

It reminds me of a video by Yuval Noah Harari https://youtu.be/1rtS2OEV6bM?si=WNuCtsr92O-06jyQ where he argues that, from an ethical and political point of view, the basis of consciousness is the potential for suffering. Only the conscious can truly suffer.

Only the conscious can be punished. So, answering your question implies defining non-human agents that are conscious. That's not just non-human technological agents, animals qualify too as non-human agents.