[kragen]

The usual meaning of "data path" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapath is the path from the register file (and/or memory access unit) to the ALU and back to the register file (and/or memory access unit). So we could say that both the 8088 and the 68000 had a 16-bit data path, because they used 16-bit buses for those transfers and a 16-bit ALU, even though the 68000 had 32-bit registers and the 8088 had an 8-bit data bus to connect it to RAM. The 68020 implemented the same instructions and registers as the 68000 (and additional ones) but used a 32-bit data path, so they were twice as fast.

In what sense does a virtual machine instruction set architecture with no hardware implementation have a "data path" separate from its arithmetic size? You seem to be using the term in a nonstandard way, which is fine, but I cannot guess what it is.

By your other criteria, the (uncontroversially "16-bit") 8088 would be an 8-bit computer, except that it had a 20-bit address space.

[benbridle]

By data path, I mean the width of the values that are read from the stacks, program memory, and device bus. Pairs of 8-bit values can be treated as 16-bit values in order to perform wider arithmetic, but all data ultimately moves around the system as 8-bit values.

[kragen]

Whether 16-bit data moves around the system as 8-bit values or not sounds like a question about the implementation, not the architecture (the spec).

For example, the spec says, "Reading a double from program memory will read the high byte of the double from the given address and the low byte from the following address," but I'd think that generally you'd want the implementation to work by reading the whole 16-bit word at once and then byte-swapping it if necessary, because that would usually be faster, and there's no way for the program to tell if it's doing that, unless reading from the first byte has a side effect that changes the contents of the second byte or otherwise depends on whether you were reading the second byte at the same time.

(Of course if you have a "double" that crosses the boundaries of your memory subsystem's word, you have to fall back to two successive word reads, but that happens transparently on amd64 CPUs.)