| Maybe there are other levels so that it is not as simple as "this is not a cladogram". A cladogram tries to show common descent and relatedness. There are other meaningful analyses which are also true. Physical resemblance is valid: the concepts of legs, and wings, and lungs, and eyes, get re-invented over and over. "Animals that fly with wings" is a valid group but doesn't fit on the cladogram. Cladograms are essentially 2D. Just going to 3D might not be enough, but while I can just about barely hold a simple 4D shape such as a tesseract in my head, computers make this easy. I never needed Excel's pivot tables, but thousands use them as a daily tool. Maybe a 4D or even n-dimensional chart can usefully allow all these different categorisations to coexist, and for feeble human brains like mine to see different cross-sections of them? And maybe if we can construct those, then they will expose interesting new conceptual relationships we didn't know about before? Genetics has changed massively since my 1989 degree, with methylation and epigenetics and horizontal gene transfer, and shotgun DNA analysis. Who knows what non-cladistic relationships may be in there to be traced? I mean, the genetics of lignin are not well known AFAIK, but the invention of lignin and hence woody plants was, what, very roughly 400MY ago. The evolution of basidiomycota able to digest and eat wood was very roughly 300MY ago. That 100MY interval formed coal. Coal and oil aren't dinosaurs. Coal is trees, oil is plankton, extremely roughly. Fossil fuels caused the industrial revolution ~250Y ago and the emissions will very probably end technological civilisation by 2050 at the accelerating rate we are going. So, 2 superficially minor bits of the evolutionary development of biochemistry 300-400 million years ago began and ended the reign of some slightly smart bald apes over the last 300 years. That's interesting. It would be interested to nail down how and why. We came down out of the trees but the trees will have the last laugh: we will chop them all down or burn them, but their ancient Carboinferous era ancestors will burn us in revenge. |