[lazylizard]

example tiny hpc cluster...

100 nodes. 500gb nvme disk per node. maybe 4 gpus per node. 64 cores? all other storage is network. could be nfs, beegfs, lustre.

100s of users that change over time. say 10 go away and 10 new one comes every 6mths. everyone has 50tb of data. tiny amount of code. cpu and/or gpu intensive.

all those users do different things and use different software. they run batch jobs that go for up to a month. and those users are first and foremost scientists. they happen to write python scripts too.

edit: that thing about optimization.. most of the folks who setup hpc clusters turn off hyperthreading.

[0xbadcafebee]

Container orchestrators all have scheduled jobs that clean up old cached layers. The layers get cached on the local drive (only 500gb? you could easily upgrade to 1tb, they're dirt cheap, and don't need to be "enterprise-grade" for ephemeral storage on a lab rackmount. not that the layers should reach 500gb, because caching and cleanup...). The bulk data is still served over network storage and mounted into the container at runtime. GPU access works.

This is how systems like AWS ECS, or even modern CI/CD providers, work. It's essentially a fleet of machines running Docker, with ephemeral storage and cached layers. For the CI/CD providers, they have millions of random jobs running all the time by tens of thousands of random people with random containers. Works fine. Requires tweaking, but it's an established pattern that scales well. They even re-schedule jobs from a particular customer to the previous VM for a "warm cache". Extremely fast, extremely large scale, all with containers.

It's made better by using hypervisors (or even better: micro-VMs) rather than bare-metal. Abstract the allocations of host, storage and network, makes maintenance, upgrades, live-migration, etc easier. I know academia loves its bare metal, but it's 2025, not 2005.

[lazylizard]

https://slurm.schedmd.com/containers.html support for containers sort of exists. singularity is the friendliest.

https://modules.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ re-used libraries are packaged this way usually. not in container images.

there's no abstraction or live mirgation. there's only queues of jobs waiting to get cpu and/or gpu time.