[capitol_]

If you only have 1tb of data then you can have it in ram on a modern server.

[steveBK123]

AND even if you have 10TB of data, NVMe storage is ridiculously fast compared to what disk used to look like (or s3...)

[xyzzy_plugh]

In the last few years, sure, but certainly not in 2012.

[steveBK123]

1TB memory servers weren't THAT exotic even in say 2014~2018 era either, I know as I had a few at work.

Not cheap, but these were at companies with 100s of SWEs / billions in revenue / would eventually have multi-million dollar cloud bills for what little they migrated there.