[pebal]

That time may seem negligible, since the OS can context switch threads anyway, but it’s still additional time during which your code isn’t doing its actual work.

Generations are used almost exclusively in moving GCs — precisely to reduce the negative performance impact of data relocation. Non-moving GCs are less invasive, which is why they don’t need generations and can be fully concurrent.

[gf000]

I would rather say that generations are a further improvement upon a moving collector, improving space usage and decreasing the length of the "mark" phase.

And which GC is fully concurrent? I don't think that's possible (though I will preface that I am no expert, only read into the topic on a hobby level) - I believe the most concurrent GC out there is ZGC, which does read barriers and some pointer tricks to make the stop-the-world time independent of the heap size.

[pebal]

Java currently has no fully concurrent GC, and due to the volume of garbage it manages and the fact that it moves objects, a truly fully concurrent GC for this language is unlikely to ever exist.

Non-moving GCs, however, can be fully concurrent — as demonstrated by the SGCL project for C++.

In my opinion, the GC for Go is the most likely to become fully concurrent in the future.

[gf000]

Is SGCL your project?

In that case, are you doing atomic writes for managed pointers/the read flag on them? I have read a few of your comments on reddit and your flags seem to be per memory page? Still, the synchronization on them may or may not have a more serious performance impact than alternative methods and without a good way to compare it to something like Java which is the state of the art in GC research we can't really comment much on whether it's a net benefit.

Also, have you perhaps tried modeling your design in something like TLA+?

[pebal]

Yes, SGCL is my project.

You can't write concurrent code without atomic operations — you need them to ensure memory consistency, and concurrent GCs for Java also rely on them. However, atomic loads and stores are cheap, especially on x86. What’s expensive are atomic counters and CAS operations — and SGCL uses those only occasionally.

Java’s GCs do use state-of-the-art technology, but it's technology specifically optimized for moving collectors. SGCL is optimized for non-moving GC, and some operations can be implemented in ways that are simply not applicable to Java’s approach.

I’ve never tried modeling SGCL's algorithms in TLA+.