[kazinator]

You are doing it wrong; the sum of all accounts should always be zero.

In a certain dumb system used in English-speaking countries, instead of summing to zero, they play games with determining which account is a "credit" or "debit" and have to do the subtractions in the right way. This is for the job security of accountants.

In a sane system, you make external interests (owner's equity and loans/liabilities) negative-running accounts. E.g. if the business has $1000 equity and value of the business goes up by 10 dollars which does not come from a loan, then equity goes from ($1000) to ($1010) to offset that so the balance remains zero. If the 10 dollars came from a loan, then that loan account goes more negative by $10. E.g. loan goes to cash. Cash goes from $500 to $510. This comes from a new loan, so the account tracking that loan is ($10).

equity + liabilities + assets + .... every other account ... + cash = 0

Owner's equity is kind of a loan: the business "owes" that value to the owners. ("Owe" and "own" are related!)

I'm probably not understanding it fully, but the problem in TSLA accounting seems to be that assets they have not been sold are recorded in the books as undervalued.

[mrjin]

Nope, I did not. I clearly mentioned the account initial balance etc., and most importantly I did not want to set up a whole charter of accounts. You cannot simply say the sum of all accounts should be zero, depending on the convention used, the balance of account can all be positive. The only thing you can say for sure is that sum of all credit amounts minus all debit amounts should be zero.

I don't think those listed companies tend to undervalue their inventories as it will make their balance sheet ugly and potentially reducing their ability to raise more capital. But even if they did do so, those gaps should be shown in accounts like unrealized loss etc instead of just evaporate. Tesla has a professional accounting team, it's impossible they made such mistakes.