[upghost]

I think there is some confusion around what is "first class" in Prolog. Any syntactically valid construct in (ISO-conforming) Prolog is "first class", including the symbols that are the names of predicates. The fact that Prolog is a homoiconic language makes any valid Prolog code "first class".

"First class" meaning, can be the arguments to a predicate or processed as data.

Predicates (and only predicates) can be called with `call/N` -- although you could write a meta-interpreter with different properties. You could pass in the number `1` and call a randomly determined predicate, as an absurd example.

Perhaps you mean, "the head and body of a predicate are not first class" ? This again is false. They are valid data and can be processed as such -- please see [4] for clarification.

Perhaps you mean "they cannot be looked up dynamically at runtime" -- this is also false, please see [3].

Are there other eligibility requirements for "first class" that we should discuss?

[derdi]

> Any syntactically valid construct in (ISO-conforming) Prolog is "first class"

First class data, yes. First class predicate, no.

> Predicates (and only predicates) can be called with `call/N`

Some class of things that you apparently refuse to call "predicates" can also be called, but without having to use call/N.

> Perhaps you mean, [...]

No. I mean there are first-class callable things and second-class callable things, and second-class things are not first class.

[upghost]

First of all lets be clear: the concepts of "first class" and "callable" are procedural terminology coming from object oriented and functional languages. I am admitting them to the discussion for purposes of comparative language analysis. My criteria is "if a reasonable person would recognize a language construct in Prolog as similar to an equivalent language construct in an OO or FP language, we can discuss it as if it were the same".

However, this is a charitable interpretation that is open to abuse if desired.

It is starting to sound like the criticism is that Prolog is not an object oriented programming language and does not pass contextual object information along with symbols in the same way SICP-style higher order functions are treated in functional programming languages.

This is by design, Prolog is a logic language that describes relationships, not a procedural language.

There is no behavioral difference that distinguishes a Prolog predicate as not "first class". There are many metapredicates designed to accept predicates as arguments, such as maplist/N. This is the primary criteria for supporting first class "callables" (another word poorly suited for Prolog, but I'm admitting it for purposes of conversation) in other languages. I would have assumed that would be a sufficient behavioral affordance.

> there are first-class callable things and second-class callable things

To make this more concrete, please provide some examples of "first-class" and "second-class" "callable things" in Prolog, as well as an example of "first class" and "second class" "callable things" in another language.

Given your level of confidence in your argument, I assume this should be fairly easy to do. Then we might have a concrete basis for discussion.

[derdi]

I really don't care what you "admit". Now you're saying that it doesn't matter whether Prolog has predicates as first-class values, and yet you keep arguing that it does have them. I don't think you're here anymore to establish what statements about Prolog are true or false. You're here for a fight; I'm not here for a fight. Go fight yourself.

Not for you, but purely for the benefit of unfortunate souls who wander by and are confused what there is to argue about:

    call_direct_and_indirect(IndirectCallTarget, Input, Result) :-
        call_direct(Input, Intermediate),                  % first-class call
        call(IndirectCallTarget, Intermediate, Result).    % second-class call

This predicate calls some other predicate `call_direct/2` in a first-class way. It's a call.

It also calls some predicate identified by whatever the variable IndirectCallTarget may be bound to. This is a second-class call. It's frequently referred to as a "meta-call" to signal that it's not a first-class call. It's important to note that the value passed in for the IndirectCallTarget parameter is not a predicate. It cannot be, since there are no predicate values in Prolog. It's the name of a predicate. (Plus maybe a partial argument list; still not a predicate.) Since the thing being meta-called is not a predicate, it must be meta-called specially using the `call/N` builtin. The user has no realistic way of implementing the `call/N` builtin themselves.

[falsissime]

> The user has no realistic way of implementing the `call/N` builtin themselves.

Not sure what you mean by realistic, but `call/1` can be implemented by having one simple rule for each existing predicate (now for the sake of the argument ignoring control constructs, which require somewhat more complex processing first) plus a rule for uninstantiated variables and one for an inexistant predicate. And `call/N, N > 1` can now be defined based on it.

[derdi]

Yes, enumerating all predicates in the system and meta-interpreting all control structures seems unrealistic to me. In the sense that no Prolog application developer (as opposed to a Prolog system implementor) would want to do it. Except maybe as an intellectual exercise.

Of course you wouldn't really need to enumerate all predicates in the definition of call/1. You could first run a whole-program abstract interpretation to identify just the ones that can actually be meta-called. Much more appealing :-)

[falsissime]

Yes, this technique has been used by several implementations. And any application developer can use `asserta/1` for the very same purpose. Just one rule, that is certainly much more appealing.

[upghost]

I will concede that my tone was not as welcoming or polite as it should be and could rightly be considered combative, so please accept my apologies.

> call_direct_and_indirect(IndirectCallTarget, Input, Result) :- call_direct(Input, Intermediate), % first-class call call(IndirectCallTarget, Intermediate, Result). % second-class call

I see we are at an unfortunate impasse. I assert what you are calling a "second-class call" is usually considered "first-class". I will leave the definition here for readers to decide for themselves. I rest my case and wish you a good day.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_function

> Higher-order functions: passing functions as arguments

  Further information: Higher-order function
  In languages where functions are first-class citizens, functions can be passed 
  as arguments to other functions in the same way as other values (a function 
  taking another function as argument is called a higher-order function). In the 
  language Haskell:

  map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
  map f []     = []
  map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs