[wat10000]

I don’t think (a) is true. The Shuttle flew with people on its maiden voyage, but that’s the only one I can think of.

(b) is true and should make it substantially safer than other launch systems. But given how narrow the margins are for something going wrong (zero ability to land safely with all engines dead, for example) it’s still going to be pretty dangerous compared to more mundane forms of travel.

[laverya]

Most rockets flew test flights before sticking people inside the same model, but most rockets are also single use and so each stack is fundamentally new.

A future starship could plausibly be the first rocket to fly to space unmanned, return, and then fly humans to space!