[jonlong]

Coming from the type theory side with only a passing glance at Ada, I am nevertheless sure: this is not what type theorists mean when they talk about dependently typed languages. Such languages derive from the formulation of Per Martin-Löf (also called Intuitionistic Type Theory), they include dependent sum and dependent product types, and they allow type checkers to prove complex statements about code. (The history of dependent types is intertwined with the history of formalizing mathematics; dependent types were designed to encode essentially arbitrary mathematical statements.)

The interesting feature of Ada here seems to be what it calls "subtype predicates". As you've explained, these come in a "dynamic" flavor, which are a nice syntax for runtime assertions, and a static flavor, which are compile-time checked but restricted to certain static expressions (per https://ada-lang.io/docs/arm/AA-3/AA-3.2#p15_3_3.2.4).

An example of something you can do in a dependently typed language is write a sorting function in such a way that the type checker proves that the output will always be in sorted order. I am pretty sure this cannot be done in Ada; checking at runtime does not count!

I do believe (having heard from multiple sources) that Ada's type system was ahead of its time and its success in creating practical programs that are likely to be correct is probably underrated. But I'm not here just to legislate semantics; one should be aware that there is something vastly more powerful out there called "dependent types" (even if that power is not likely to come into most people's day-to-day).

(Unfortunately Wikipedia is quite poor on this topic; you will see, for example, that on the Talk page someone asked "Is Ada really dependently typed?" two years ago; no reply. And it makes no sense to say that Ada has "tactics" but not "proof terms"; tactics are a way of generating proof terms. There are many better resources out there (especially ones associated with the languages Agda, Coq (currently being renamed Rocq), and Lean, e.g. https://lean-lang.org/theorem_proving_in_lean4/dependent_typ...). But be warned, there is no "short version": dependent types cannot be explained in a sentence, and they are not something you will arrive at with enough "hacking away".)

[LiamPowell]

> An example of something you can do in a dependently typed language is write a sorting function in such a way that the type checker proves that the output will always be in sorted order. I am pretty sure this cannot be done in Ada; checking at runtime does not count!

It actually can be done in Ada, but not purely with the type system, instead we rely on SPARK, which converts Ada code and passes it through various automatic theorem provers. Some examples of fully proven sorting functions are here: https://github.com/AdaCore/spark2014/blob/master/testsuite/g...

You can also see from the above code just how good theorem provers and SPARK are now with the reasonably low number of assertions required to both prove that the output is sorted and prove that the input and output contain the same elements, not to mention all the hidden proofs relating to integer overflow, out-of-bounds access, etc..

You could maybe do all this with types and SPARK, but it's not the approach that would usually be taken.

[jonlong]

Ah, very interesting. It does seem that the Ada community has done serious engineering work to build in powerful formal verification, in a way that is somehow parallel to the (much slower, for practical purposes, if more elegant) arc of type theory...

[rtpg]

what is the flow for working through this kind of proof? Is there an interactive proof mode like you find in a lot of dependent type provers? Or is there some other guiding mechanism for telling you that you haven't provided enough guidance with asserts?

[LiamPowell]

SPARK will give you some guidance, but there's no particularly fancy interactive tools. Here's an example of working through a different sorting algorithm: https://blog.adacore.com/i-cant-believe-that-i-can-prove-tha...

[zozbot234]

Do note however that the "proof" part of dependent types requires being able to evaluate arbitrary parts of the program at "compile time". (As a fact of the matter, there isn't even a clean phase separation between compile time and run time in dependently-typed languages; the distinction can only be reintroduced after-the-fact via "program extraction".) So, in a sense, types may depend on values in a dependently-typed language but this is merely an elaborate form of meta-programming, it need not establish a true dependence from runtime values. Whether Ada qualifies as a 'true' dependently-typed language, in this view, would depend on how strong its forms of guaranteed compile-time evaluation and meta-programming are.

It does look like the "discriminant" system of Ada shares key similarities with what dependently-typed languages call a "dependent sum", a generalized record type where "later" elements of the record can depend on "earlier" ones.

"Dependent products", on the other hand, can be viewed as an extended version of generic functions, although they may also suffice to account for e.g. the examples given by OP of Ada's runtime range types and runtime-sized arrays. The key here being that the representation of a type is indeed given as a "function" of the value parameters that are "depended" on.

[touisteur]

SPARK allows you to statically prove properties about Ada code. Proving a sort implementation is a classic example : https://blog.adacore.com/i-cant-believe-that-i-can-prove-tha...

[brabel]

Looks really difficult to prove even a "hello world" algorithm. I'm afraid you can easily run into the problem of not understanding what you're proving and just not doing it for what you would actually want.

[docandrew]

What’s nice is that you can do it in steps - you may have a hard time proving full specification, but you can prove absence of bad behavior like buffer overruns, etc and go from there.

[timhh]

Maybe they're not implying this kind of limited dependent type system but surely it is still dependently typed? It's just not the "full fat" dependent typing.

Another example of a language with limited dependent typing is Sail. It has "lightweight" dependent types for integers and array lengths (pretty similar to Ada from what it sounds like).

It's very good in my experience - it lets you do a lot of powerful stuff without having to have a PhD in formal verification (again, sounds similar to Ada).

> An example of something you can do in a dependently typed language is write a sorting function in such a way that the type checker proves that the output will always be in sorted order.

Yeah you can't do that but you can have the type checker say things like "n^m is positive if n is positive or even" or "foo(x) -> (bits(n), bits(m)) with m+n=x" (not the actual syntax). I'm pretty sure you can't do that stuff in a type system without dependent types right?

[jonlong]

Well, "dependently typed" is widely used to mean something like "derived from Martin-Löf type theory, including arbitrary dependent sums and dependent products"; in other words, "dependent types" means "full fat dependent types", and it's the things that are less powerful that require qualifiers.

(So when Sail says it has "lightweight dependent types", that seems fine to me (it does seem to do more than it could with simple types or polymorphic types), but if it simply asserted that it "had dependent types" I would feel misled.)

The wording is subtle and language does change, but what I want to push back on is the confusion I see from time to time that "if I can write anything that looks like a function from values to types, I have the same thing that everybody talking about dependent types has". If you think this you don't know what you're missing, or even that there is something you're missing, and what you're missing is very cool!

[chamomeal]

Super interesting! Thanks for the link.

Would you say Lean is a somewhat learnable language for somebody who only has cursory exposure to functional programming and static types? I’ve almost exclusively used typescript for the last few years, except for some clojure in the last few months.

Sometimes I find a neat language, but my very TS-oriented brain has a hard time getting into it.

[jonlong]

I would say dependent types are going into the deep end; unless you have a real need to prove things, it may be hard to see the motivation to learn such abstractions.

In between ad hoc types like TypeScript and dependently-typed languages like Agda, Coq/Rocq, and Lean are well-typed, polymorphic (but not dependent) languages like OCaml, F#, or Haskell ("ML family" or "Hindley-Milner" are related terms). Those are what I'd suggest checking out first!

[nxobject]

If you’d like to dive into the deep end and learn a “we tried to make as much type system power available as conceptually simply and elegantly as possible” language, Agda [1] is a very fun language to fool around with. It’s superficially a Haskell-like, but you’ll likely only really learn it as a toy that nevertheless blows your mind… like Prolog etc.

The first thing I tried to do after learning all the basic syntax is write a function f: Nat —> Set (from numbers to types), and then stick it in a function signature (i.e. g: f (3).)

[1] https://people.inf.elte.hu/divip/AgdaTutorial/Index.html

[mlinksva]

I made some small changes based on your comment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Dependent_type#Ada2012 but I hope you or others with more knowledge improve the page! ~~~~