To be fair, "cities are the exception with bad air" neglects the reality that cities are the default for where people live. So the "air near people" is generally city air.
That said, I live in SF and my AQI is usually <50. Not as great as 5, but we sometimes get down to single-digits. Cities don't have to have bad air.
That depends, really. If you have an inversion layer going, you can get pretty poor air quality in lots of locations because people use crappy wood-fired stoves that produce a lot of particulates.
That does happen occasionally where I live, last night for example. But it's only a single digit number of days out of a year. The rest of the time air quality is very good.
The filtration is icing on the cake. You want an HRV or ERV in any location where you want heating or cooling for any non-negligible portion of the year so that you can have energy efficient fresh air.
I live in small town on NZ coast. Air is very clean. Mosquitos and neighbor's wood burners don't care. ERV is top 3 item in my house (other than induction cooktop and Japanese toilets).
- auto lid open and close
- heated seat
- water jet to clean buttocks with subsequent warm air blower
- relaxing music speaker (to drown out your defecating sounds and get you started)
just some ideas what some (public)/most (nice home) japanese toilets offer, which might be hard to come by anywhere else
The ERV itself is for removing CO2, not dust. Especially in cold climates where houses are built to be as air-tight as possible, these are a necessity. Even if you lived in a forest cabin you'd want filters to prevent too much dust and pollen. I've got a dual filter on mine, HEPA and activated carbon filter. The HEPA filter removes dust and pollen. I've found that if I don't use the carbon filter I get higher than recommended levels of NOx.
You can add a filter to the TW4, there is an adapter/kit. It's a hepa filter from a car cabin filter system design. You rarely need both anti pollen and also ERV, so you would take the heat exchanger out and just use the filter and fan. As for dust, I recommend a good pc fan filter based appliance, not putting the filter in the flow path of the ERV.
Most people here just open a window when they want to air out a room. That said, that does waste a lot of energy when heating/cooling your home on cold/hot days, so ERVs and HRVs are used to get the clean air in without exchanging heat with the outside world too much. They're quite cheap and effective compared to just running normal ventilation.
I live near a ten lane highway. I prefer to keep the outdoor air out, and the indoor air filtered. I could see this being very useful for other dwellings though.
You are either already failing to keep outdoor air out or you are getting too little ventilation. What you want is something like this device with the H13 filter option. Maybe that plus carbon.
Think of it this way, since you aren't dying of asphyxiation when you sleep at night, you're already getting some air exchange with the outside air.
With an ERV you can control how much air you get, and put whatever filter you want in between the outside air and your room.
In fact the fancier systems will let you overpressure your house by running the fan pushing in slightly higher than the air pushing out, ensure air only leaks out of your house not in.
People breathe, so you need outdoor air to replenish the oxygen and get rid of the carbon dioxide. That's "fresh" air.
Unfortunately, outdoor air has particulate and ozone pollution. Filtering it gives you "clean" air.
In winter and summer, you also heat or cool the indoor air for comfort. If you just pump in outside air, you effectively also pump out the indoor air. This wastes the energy that had gone into heating or cooling it.
These systems save that energy by transfering heat between the air that's getting pumped in and the air that's getting pumped out.
Low-CO2 outdoor air vs high-CO2 indoor air, if you prefer. Important for how air-tight modern energy-efficient construction is.