[norir]

It depends on definition of full bootstrapping process. At some point, someone has to bootstrap in raw assembly but we don't need to do that in 2024. If I write a bootstrap compiler in c on a machine that can run c, I can write an alternate backend for any assembly language (that supports the necessary compilation features) and thus produce a compiler implemented in any assembly language without directly writing any assembly.

Taking this process to the extreme, no one could ever bootstrap anything because eventually you're bootstrapping mineral extraction.

[pabs3]

These folks say that you do need that in 2024 (commented machine code actually):

https://bootstrappable.org/ https://lwn.net/Articles/983340/