[khm]

DOE clusters are also massive arrays of customer grade hardware. Private cloud can only keep up in low precision work, and that is why they're still playing with remote memory access over TCP, because it's good enough for web and ML.

High precision HPC exists in the private cloud, but you only hear "we don't want to embarrass others" excuses because otherwise you would be able to calculate the cost.

On prem HPC is still very, very much cheaper than hiring out.