You could do without using a CTE, it's just not as convenient most of the time. Alternatively, you could pass the column names to a function (using a prepared statement, no less) and let that function figure out which columns are valid. If your tables change frequently, this would save more time in the long run.
We are talking about manual, purpose-built functionality designed to prevent SQLI in queries that use bound parameters. Don't move the goalposts: nobody is saying it's particularly hard to avoid SQL injection, just that bound parameters aren't a panacea.
If your tables has SO many columns that you can't simply return them all and show the relevant ones only at the application layer, .... well then just maybe there's something wrong with your database design.