[igouy]

> Those papers say "language" over and over again, in the titles, in the body of the text.

Yes they do! And over and over again in-context we sensibly read that to mean what you wish to term more precisely "language implementation".

> Fig. 4 Fig. 5 "We are in fact comparing implementations of programming languages, not the languages themselves."

They know. They just prefer shorter names.

Here's their short-name precise-name lookup table:

https://sites.google.com/view/energy-efficiency-languages/se...