[AndyMcConachie]

This is false.

I use a hardware thingy that I put my Dutch bank card into that generates numbers for logins and purchases. I have the option of using an app or the hardware card reader.

I use a one time generating password hardware keyfob to login to the Dutch Belastingdienst. They require it and I don't think there is an app I can use for this purpose.

[fph]

If it requires a smartcard I assume this is a different protocol, CAP. The introduction to this paper https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355241124_PSD2_Comp... (not mine) explains the system a little: the old hardware tokens in fig. 1 and 2 are those that cannot be used anymore; I assume you have something like the device in fig. 4?

[kseistrup]

I agree.

Danish banks, because they use the national MitID authorisation, accept MFA via app, code generator, or a chip device:

https://www.mitid.dk/en-gb/get-started-with-mitid/mitid-auth...

[brnt]

All Dutch Banks are moving customers to their apps now.

[eythian]

There's a DigID app that I use for the Belastingdienst (and all other overheid things), I don't have a OTP keyfob at all.