[Arnavion]

The game Silicon Zeroes ( https://store.steampowered.com/app/684270/Silicon_Zeroes/ ) teaches this. It starts out with components computing their outputs instantaneously, but then introduces the concept of microticks such that the output of a component is unstable until its inputs are stable enough for some time, so the clock speed must be adjusted according to the largest delay in all circuit paths. The game starts off with simple circuits but very quickly becomes about making a CPU, although the ISA is hard-coded into the game and very small.

Another game Turing Complete ( https://store.steampowered.com/app/1444480/Turing_Complete/ , https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38925307 ) lets you build a CPU from basic gates and a much larger (and customizable) instruction set. It also has the concept of gate delays, thopugh it doesn't visually show the unstable output as Silicon Zeroes does.

[XorNot]

Turing Complete is fantastic! It's a very much one of those games I'd say is like Kerbal Space Program, in the sense that you can be technical and have encountered all the concepts before, but bridging the gap where you actually grok what's happening intuitively isn't quite a leap you can make.

[immibis]

I found that Silicon Zeroes is a pretty crappy emulation of a Zachtronics game. IIRC each level has an intended solution and only gives you the exact parts to create that solution, even if a better solution would be possible with different parts you've used before.

[xnorswap]

While you're right that Silicon Zeroes is not the best as a zach-like puzzle game, I actually found it did a better job of teaching me about building a computer than most similar games.

However, I played it years before Turing Complete was released, and I'd probably recommend that over SZ. But SZ does a better job at introducing some of the timing concepts.

[Arnavion]

The earlier levels are like that, but the later levels have a lot more leeway.