[n4r9]

The highest atomic number of any synthesised element appears to be Oganesson: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oganesson . Only 5 atoms have ever been synthesised. It's speculated to be a solid at room temperature despite belonging to the "noble gas" family. Chemistry is fascinating.

[Woshiwuja]

Chemistry is weird af. How does sodium (lethal) + clorine (lethal) = salt (yummy)

[dekhn]

because salt, when it's in water, breaks down into sodium ions (not lethal) not elemental sodium and chlorine ions not chlorine gas. Your body has all the tools required to handle sodium and chlorine ions (literally "pumps" that move them in and out of cells, and organs that process the ions so they can be excreted in urine.

But yes, in general it's interesting how little difference there is from "essential nutrient" and "human poison"

[o11c]

That's literally the same as asking "how come hydrogen (flammable) + oxygen (enhances fire) = water (does not burn)?", but we probably have a better mental grasp of how water works.

[gruturo]

Oversimplifying, but you can explain that as "Because water is... the "ash" you get after burning hydrogen and oxygen."

[dexwiz]

It’s all about electrochemical potential. Adding or removing electrons from the outer shell of an atom involves a fair amount of energy, either being released or stored. Depending on the atom, they either want their shell filled or emptied. Noble gases have the same number of protons as a filled shell, so they are very stable. Why electron shells exist is a whole other matter.

Water is kind of like ash. Technically full combustion of any hydrocarbon outputs CO2 and Water. Since water isn’t a greenhouse gas it’s not mentioned when discussing combustion usually.

[ljf]

(boring not pick, water is not a green house gas as sea level, but in the upper atmosphere water vapour most certainly does help to trap heat in the system - https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/steamy-relatio...

This is one of the reasons why methane leaks are so impactful - not only is methane a terrible green house gas, when it decays in the upper atmosphere, it decays into water vapour and CO2)

[aeonik]

Water absolutely is a green house gas, and the most significant one at that.

https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/steamy-relatio...

[stergios]

I think the intent is that water is a byproduct of combustion.

[withinboredom]

I’m pretty sure the intent was that water is a byproduct of combustion.

[somenameforme]

As a fun aside, there are plenty of rocket engines that run on hydrogen + oxygen. For instance the Space Shuttle Main Engine [1] was fueled by hydrogen + oxygen, which means its exhaust was literally water vapor.

[1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-25

[bell-cot]

Broadly speaking, it's because elemental sodium and chlorine are very unstable; in other words they have very high potential energy.

A boulder balanced 40m above your head is lethally dangerous; vs. if mostly-embedded in the dirt next to you it's perfectly safe.

[foobar1962]

I assume by "lethal" you mean "highly reactive" as opposed to "poisonous". Something that really wants to give away electrons and something that really wants to gain electrons are going to really get on well, and will be really stable.

[Woshiwuja]

well i think sodium exploding in your mouth if you eat it is pretty lethal ngl

[djtango]

Is there enough water in the mouth to get sodium to explode? Probably just scalds you.

Elemental sodium in the air spontaneously oxidises to sodium hydroxide which is nasty and caustic but the hydroxide layer spontaneously forms bicarb which is comparatively harmless. At a best guess, I'm not convinced a block of sodium not swallowed is lethal... (it will be extremely harmful)

[Woshiwuja]

i think it depends on how much spit you can gather first

[djtango]

Volume of the mouth is about 150mls (half a can of coke). Maybe you have a big mouth so let's call it 180mls. That's 10 moles of water (assuming saliva is 100% water). At 0.9688gcm^-3 they're basically 1:1 and the stoichiometry is also 1. So max you can fit about 115g of sodium to 90ml of water.

If we ignore the dynamics of the explosion that seems enough to cause a maybe lethal explosion. It would also release 120dm^3 of hydrogen.

[vikramkr]

They're both lethal because they both want to be in salt. They will turn you to salt and make themselves happy and make you dead. Alternatively if they are already salt they're chillin.

[vikingerik]

Because one really really wants to give away an electron, and one really really wants to accept an electron, and so when they meet and consummate that they're both delighted.

[nkrisc]

Most pure elements are either useless or harmful to us.

You could say that about the constituent elements of pretty much any chemical necessary for life.

[sesm]

Because it's Cl- ions in salt vs Cl2 in gas.

[Ekaros]

They are small first of all so reactive. And having so close full orbitals they really really want to get rid or take that electron. Thus aggressively make things happen...

And why it is yummy, well they are pretty useful atoms in lot of chemistry and in general balancing things that happens in body. Thus it is nice to have sufficient amount around... Best way to encourage this is to make it taste good like sugar does too.

[GuB-42]

The general idea is actually quite intuitive. Sodium doesn't like being sodium (metal), and chlorine doesn't like being chlorine (gas), they are very angry and will do anything to change the situation. But they like it when they are together as salt and they are well behaved in this form. This is, of course very simplified.

An example I like is with nitrogen. Nitrogen atoms really want to form nitrogen gas (N2), a form that is really stable and therefore unreactive and generally harmless. However, if the nitrogen atoms are not in this form, and they have the opportunity to turn into it, they will, and they want it so much that it can be violent. That's why a lot of explosives are nitrogen-based, they are made of nitrogen atoms that have been separated from their N2 form by giving them a lot of energy, and when they come back together as the explosive is detonated, all that stored energy is released.

[Sharlin]

Even greatly simplified, it’s pretty important to understand the difference between a salt and a covalently bonded compound – sodium and chloride don’t really stay together, nice and inert; they disassociate readily in a solution. Salt water has individual sodium and chlorine ions freely floating around. But being ions now, both have gotten what they wanted, and are quite content and nonreactive now.

[hoseja]

And it closes the periodic table so nicely. We really shouldn't be trying to go any further until and if they can predict the island of stability with high confidence.

[WorldMaker]

They thought they could predict it with high confidence a couple decades ago and then they learned more and confidence lowered again. That's kind of the nature of science, use what you know to find out what you don't know, and keep adjusting your models as you go.

That's also something of the paradox at work at something like this: you sometimes can't have models that strongly predict interesting or "good" outcomes (such as the "island of stability") without a lot more data from experiments and maybe you aren't running the right experiments because you don't have the right model, but you won't have the right model until you run more experiments.

[ufmace]

The way this stuff seems to work, it doesn't make sense to go theory-first. We can spin up a bazillion theories about it, with no clue which if any are anywhere near true. We've got to just try it, gather experimental data, and see if we can build any more solidly-backed theories around that data.

[somenameforme]

I think that's the way science pretty much always goes. For the most clear example look at the unbelievable mountain of information we have on the distant cosmos. Yet it all assumes the homogeneity of physics in the universe. There's no real reason to believe this is true outside our sample of 1, but without believing this it would be basically impossible to study the cosmos, because we'd have no way to assess differing physics in distant locations, at least not until we are able to reach those locations and carry out experiments.

Drugs are also the same with many, if not the majority of drugs having come from things that were initially intended to treat something else, only to find out what you created has stronger effects elsewhere. The most obvious and amusing one being that Viagra was meant to be a heart medicine. It turned out to have little effect on heart disease, but had a rather pronounced side effect in half the participants!

[kamarg]

> We really shouldn't be trying to go any further until and if they can predict the island of stability with high confidence.

I don't know much about chemistry since I haven't done anything with it in the last 20ish years. What need is there to be able to accurately predict it before attempting to synthesize it?

[mensetmanusman]

Scientific textbook publishers are salivating at a new element though

[jcranmer]

The island of stability should occur (indeed, does appear to occur, although we're still neutron-poor) in the elements of the low 110s.

[JackFr]

Is island-of-stability stability like 1 second stability or 1 million years stability?

[jcranmer]

As I understand it, like 1 year stability. Some of the isotopes we have discovered on the shores have a half-life of around a minute already.

[smcin]

"Formerly known as Ununoctium (Uuo)"