I would start with a college/university course on the topic, there should be tons of slides and lectures available for free. And only after knowing basic concepts and common approaches I would look for some recent documents, probably they can be downloaded from Intel and other chip makers. But I would say that it all depends on where you are starting from and how deep you want to go.
It's dated, but Inside the Machine by Jon Stokes is also a good read if you're after something a bit lighter.