[Spartan-S63]

This reads like a critique of centralized versus decentralized control, but I think it’s more about lack of clear intention.

Apple has a clear intent that allows the subsequent groups to work towards and contribute to it. Google and Microsoft don’t. They have a vague idea, but not something tangible enough for subordinate leaders to meaningfully contribute to.

[xw390112]

As the chess players know, ‘a bad plan is better than none at all’. https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/planning.html