In practical terms, if you are a database and Jepsen doesn't find any bugs, that's as much assurance as you are going to get in 2024 short of formal verification.
Formal verification is very powerful but still not full assurance. Fun fact: Testing and monitoring of Datomic has sometimes uncovered design flaws in underlying storages that formal verification missed.
To start with, you usually perform verification on a behavioral model and not on the code itself. This opens up the possibility that there are behavioral differences between the code itself and the model which wouldn't be caught.