[troad]

In linguistics, this is called the 'poverty of the stimulus' argument, and is used to argue that there must be some kind of soft blueprint for language - whether in the brain (certain areas appear to be highly associated with language - Broca's, Wernicke's, etc) or in logic itself.

"The speed and precision of vocabulary acquisition leaves no real alternative to the conclusion that the child somehow has the concepts available before experience with language and is basically learning labels for concepts that are already a part of his or her conceptual apparatus" -- Noam Chomsky

It's a question that is hotly contended, however.