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It's up to them what they do with the information. Ideally the doctor would take the opportunity review the patient's chart, but I'm sure there are some clinics that just close the file and call it a day.

The feedback loop tends to be stronger on the inpatient side. In academic settings, it's common for each department to have a "morbidity and mortality" conference once or twice a month. This is a meeting where one or two physicians will present a case that they think went poorly and the rest of the physicians in attendance will give feedback on what could have been done differently.