[maratc]

"Modem" stands for "modulator-demodulator" and it is there to convert the TCP/IP traffic in your house to some sort of non-TCP/IP connection that goes to your ISP. In case of cable provider, I believe the outgoing protocol is called DOCSIS, and in case of a telephone provider it could be ADSL/VDSL etc. (Historically some also used ATM above the physical layer.) The modem is there to do that translation.

With fiber, there is TCP/IP traffic within your house and TCP/IP traffic to your ISP. There is no translation to do, so no translator device (modem) is needed. The only thing needed is a physical layer conversion, from 0s and 1s as voltage over copper, to (exactly same) 0s and 1s as light over fiber. This conversion (not "translation") could be done by a stand-alone ONT (a rather uncomplicated, or could I say "trivial" device), but there are several router boxes that have fiber connections — either built-in (on board) or as plug-in modules.

Different ISPs have different offerings, but as you might imagine not many people want to manage their own router. My ISP has provided me with a free ONT which goes into my router, to which I connect my WiFi access points, all of which I manage myself.

[timrice]

This is not entirely true with PON (passive optical networks). The ONT is more than a media converter (optical -> copper), it facilitates the conversation with the OLT (Optical Line Terminal) further upstream. That connection is not an ethernet connection and needs specialized hardware that can communicate using the PON protocols.

The ONT is managed by the service provider and provisioned with their tooling. It typically holds the user profile of the customer, and contains information about the subscribers service level. It is not something that can reasonably be replaced by the end user with their own hardware.

[maratc]

This could be true in the general case, but in my specific case I was provided with the username/password combination that I fed into the PPPoE configuration page of my router.

[p_l]

Because the xPON ONT was provisioned to setup ethernet over PON for you, which in turn was used to setup PPPoE session to actual internet.

[maratc]

Again, I'm not certain of the entire stack beyond my house, but the device they brought for installation was sealed in the box that said "Media Converter" (not "ONT") on the box. It could still be the case that they somehow set it up remotely, or it could be that no setup was needed. For all I know, I tested my connection with PPPoE.

[p_l]

Yep, that's ONT.

They are provisioned remotely over network from controller run by ISP, which sets up appropriate timeslots (xPON is a time-division multiplexed network in practice, though DWDM - wavelength modulation - is also used).

  Internet -> ISP network -> PPPoE -> OLT (head unit) -> passive fiber network (and/or DWDM) -> passive splitter close to home (often in inside appartment buildings) -> ONT ->  ethernet to your router for PPPoE -> your systems

[maratc]

Can you please expand on how much of that chain can be qualified as "Ethernet" (or "TCP/IP") and how much is "neither at all", and how different that is from e.g. a classic "DSL with ATM" chain?

[Hikikomori]

Calling something a modem is more about what the signal looks like on the wire and not about translating anything.