[DavidPeiffer]

I don't have the answer handy, but I do know there is a ton of research that goes into wind farm optimization. Location of the towers, cost to build, etc.

I am curious how much small elevation differences impact optimal positioning of turbines, as that is a non-issue with offshore wind. The turbines in land-based wind farms are not in a nice grid like the offshore wind farm. https://openinframap.org/#9.68/41.6112/-92.4971

The excerpt from an abstract below mentions the wake turbulence can cause other turbines to shut down.

"...The distance between the turbines is among other things dependent on the recovery of wind energy behind the neighboring turbines and the increased wind load. Models for the mean wind speed and turbulence intensity in wind turbine parks are considered with emphasis on modeling the spatial correlation. Representative limit state equations for structural failure of wind turbine towers are formulated. The probability of failure is determined taking into account that wind turbines are parked for wind speeds larger than 25 m/s resulting in reduced wind loads. An illustrative example is presented where illustrative models for the spatial correlation is taken into account"

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/102866006011566...