[acdha]

The one to watch is https://www.cloudflare.com/bandwidth-alliance/

AWS could plausibly claim _some_ additional expense on their premium network offering (not full rate, of course, but some) for the additional monitoring and adjustment they do to adjust to peering conditions but none of that is plausible for other companies peering with them who provide the same services. If their customer uses Fastly or Cloudflare, they don’t need any additional cost to toss packets over the wall and let the other service worry about routing. I’d imagine those companies are making sure that the EU regulators know exactly how much they need to charge for that.