[mfichman]

Usually, the second pass in a compiler does not re-parse source files. Rather, it operates on another data structure, like an AST, intermediate representation, or the list mentioned in the original comment. At least, that’s my understanding of multi-pass compilation.

[Joker_vD]

Well, this "list mentioned in the original comment" is not an AST or an immediate representation of the program in any reasonable sense just as a symbol table is not. Otherwise, setting the exact values of the text/data/bss size fields in the executable file header's at the end of the compilation would count as the second pass as well which IMO it should not.

[mfichman]

The difference is that you need to make a complete second iteration (or pass) over the entire list to correctly check all of the callsites after all function type information is collected. The same is not true for symbol table usage in a single-pass C compiler.