$ python3.12 -m timeit -s 'import string' -s 'x = string.printable * 50' 'f"Welcome to {x}."' 2000000 loops, best of 5: 106 nsec per loop $ python3.12 -m timeit -s 'import string' -s 'x = string.printable * 50' '"Welcome to {}.".format(x)' 2000000 loops, best of 5: 200 nsec per loop $ python3.12 -m timeit -s 'import string' -s 'x = string.printable * 50' '"Welcome to %s." % x' 2000000 loops, best of 5: 169 nsec per loop $ python3.12 -m timeit -s 'import string' -s 'x = string.printable * 50' '"Welcome to " + str(x) + "."' 1000000 loops, best of 5: 214 nsec per loop $ python3.12 -m timeit -s 'import string' -s 'x = string.printable * 50' '"Welcome to " + x + "."' 1000000 loops, best of 5: 198 nsec per loop