[transpute]

Could it be a MitM "enterprise browser" like Talon or Island, and/or related browser extensions?

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2023/palo-alt...

> Dec. 28, 2023 Palo Alto Networks .. announced that it has completed the acquisition of Talon Cyber Security, a pioneer of enterprise browser technology ... Talon's Enterprise Browser will provide additional layers of protection against phishing attacks, web-based attacks and malicious browser extensions. Talon also offers extensive controls to help ensure that sensitive data does not escape the confines of the browser.

https://www.island.io/product

  Set hyper-granular policies ... boundaries across all users, devices, apps, networks, locations, & assets 

  Log any and all browser behavior, review screenshots of critical actions, & trace incidents down to the click

  Critical security tools embedded into the browser: like native browser isolation, automatic phishing protection, & web filtering