[GTP]

Well, having classes doesn't mean that you will necessarily use inheritance. There are programmers (ab)using it a lot, but for me, like for many others, classes are primarily a way to organize code: they provide a convinient way of representing something and specify functions that only make sense in the context of that something, while ensuring that you don't accidentally re-use those function for something else or lose track of which functions are meant for which component. They also provide a way to make collaboration easier, as you can agree on classes' interfaces and then each one goes on to implement it's own classes without having to worry about implementation details of other classes. It is true that you usually also have inheritance with classes, but I'm unsure if having it is a requirement to call something a class. IIRC from a theory perspective, classes are just an abstraction of some concepts, and the fact that a class' instance is called an object reflects this.

[zogrodea]

I think the person you're replying to tried to address that point that classes are primarily a way to organise code when other possibly equally good or better options exist like modules. An F# module might (for example) look like below.

module Hello = let say() = "hi" // returns the string "hi"

There are mechanisms to encapsulate implementation details (private functions), to have multiple modules for different "domains" and specifying public contracts.

A class seems to imply more than that: each class specifies how to create an object with a constructor (where an object is something with the class's methods except modifying some state only owned by and accessible by the object itself).

[GTP]

But in Rust you've got constructors as well. The only thing that really seems to be missing is inheritance. But I understand that one might say that classes without the possibility of using inheritance don't look fully right.

[steveklabnik]

Rust does not have constructors.

[GTP]

I would call this [0] a constructor, why wouldn't you?

[0] https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html

[steveklabnik]

Wikipedia defines it as

> a constructor is a special type of function called to create an object.

Now, I don't think Wikipedia is always the authority on everything, but this is how I view them as well. A constructor is kinda like a callback that the language runtime invokes when an something is created. For example, in C++:

  class Foo {
   public:
    Foo() {
      // your code goes here
    }
  };

  int main() {
    Foo a; // constructor invoked here
  }

(please excuse formatting, there is no unified C++ style so I just picked one)

or in Ruby:

  class Foo
    def initialize
      # your code goes here
    end
  end

  Foo.new # constructor invoked here

These "constructors" in Rust don't work like that at all. They are not special member functions that are invoked when something is created; they are the syntax to create something.

[GTP]

I think this is where things get muddy. On one hand, I think that there is still a function call going on under the hood, even if the syntax hides that. On the other, if you need some preprocessing before assigning the values to your struct's fields, you can still define a special member function that does whatever you need to figure out what the correct values are. In my view, what Rust is actually missing is the default constructor, because it will not initialize variables to some default value for you.