[bitschubser_]

Jep when it comes to represent data the colors should not be “beautiful” they should be distinctive and meaningful

There are quite good color maps for presenting scientific data which takes most of your points into account, I personally use the „scientific color maps” for representation: https://www.fabiocrameri.ch/colourmaps/

[Voultapher]

I'd like to recommend this color palette that has been optimized for accessibility https://jfly.uni-koeln.de/color/#pallet