[moffkalast]

Ah in that respect I'm sure just about all would have been invented eventually, just like aviation or calculus were by different people during the same time period, albeit a lot later and likely tied to a corporation with exclusive rights for 20 years (like FDM 3D printing was for example, which I still kinda consider almost a crime against humanity) instead of being freely available for licensing.

There are a few that are completely space dependant however, like GPS, orbital weather monitoring, communications, satelite imagery, knowledge about other planets, etc. the kind of thing that has space travel as a prerequisite. Before GNSS and satelite maps navigation was pretty much hell, detecting tropical cyclones early and evacuating has certainly saved a lot of lives.

Of course if NASA hadn't done these, then ESA or Roscosmos or whoever would've, but in terms of argument I think we're talking about space agencies in general.