[mtlmtlmtlmtl]

If you can apt-get stuff, why would you be trying to exploit sudo? Even assuming apt-get was the only thing you could run as root, that would essentially allow arbitrary filesystem changes anyway. Escalating to full root from that would be trivial.

[kaba0]

You can do that on an identical system you have access to. Then you discover the necessary vulnerability and apply it on the target system.

[codetrotter]

You don’t need to be root to retrieve the debug symbols from apt if the debug symbols were in the apt repository

Something like

    apt-get download sudo-rs-dbgsym

    mkdir -p ~/tmp/

    dpkg -x sudo-rs-dbgsym.deb ~/tmp/

should provide what you need I think