[rhyswallace]

In the EU, debit cards (with EU-capped interchange, and no debt mechanism) are the majority, and there's nothing that points toward that limiting low-income populations' access to banking or card networks.

Can't speak here for entire EU, only France, but opening a bank account or getting a basic debit card requires no minimum proof of income, and typically have no fees associated. No financial barrier to entry for any population segment.