[olalonde]

It's a bit what I was getting at. Culture and environment are often sufficient to explain outcome disparities between groups, even in the absence of discrimination.

> How were life choices controlled for in these studies?

The studies would consider lynching as a form of discrimination. I can't recommend the book enough if you are curious about the topic, it cites numerous studies.

The overall conclusion is that we shouldn't expect equal outcomes even in a world devoid of discrimination. The most obvious example of that are the various minority, and discriminated against, groups that outperform majority groups (e.g. the Chinese in Malaysia, American Jewish, etc.).