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by HerculePoirot 981 days ago
What proves this wasn't placed there by archeologists (I'm not accusing this particular discovery, just trying to elicit reflexion on the topic of faked archeology).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic_hoax

> The Japanese Paleolithic hoax (旧石器捏造事件, Kyū Sekki Netsuzō Jiken) consisted of a number of lower and middle paleolithic finds in Japan discovered by amateur archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura, which were later all discovered to have been faked. The incident became one of the biggest scandals in archaeological circles in Japan after the story was published by the Mainichi Shimbun on November 5, 2000.

> Hearing the rumour of fraud, journalists from Mainichi newspaper installed hidden cameras at a dig site where Fujimura was working and caught him planting artifacts. The newspaper later confronted Fujimura with the video, and he was forced to confess his fraud.

> It was also reported[by whom?] that prior to discovery of the hoax, Japan's paleolithic period was thought to have started earlier than anywhere else in Asia at around 700,000 BCE.

> It is clear that a number of the artifacts found by Fujimura are rather unnatural and do not make archaeological sense, such as those exhumed from pyroclastic flow strata, but nonetheless majority archaeological groups as well as local and government organisations which substantially benefited from his find ignored these inconsistencies.

Now let's focus on the discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun, Howard Carter. I will bring an alternate story, by merely quoting Wikipedia's page about this man:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carter

> Howard Carter was born in Kensington on 9 May 1874,[1] the youngest child (of eleven) of artist and illustrator Samuel John Carter and Martha Joyce Carter (née Sands). His father helped train and develop his artistic talents.[2]

> he showed talent as an artist. The nearby mansion of the Amherst family, Didlington Hall, contained a sizable collection of Egyptian antiques, which sparked Carter's interest in that subject. Lady Amherst was impressed by his artistic skills, and in 1891 she prompted the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF) to send Carter to assist an Amherst family friend, Percy Newberry, in the excavation and recording of Middle Kingdom tombs at Beni Hasan.

> Although only 17, Carter was innovative in improving the methods of copying tomb decoration.

> In 1899, Carter was appointed Inspector of Monuments for Upper Egypt in the Egyptian Antiquities Service (EAS).[8] Based at Luxor, he oversaw a number of excavations and restorations at nearby Thebes

> In 1907, he began work for Lord Carnarvon, who employed him to supervise the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes.

> In 1914, Lord Carnarvon received the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings.[17] Carter led the work, undertaking a systematic search for any tombs missed by previous expeditions, in particular that of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. However, excavations were soon interrupted by the First World War

> By 1922, Lord Carnarvon had become dissatisfied with the lack of results after several years of finding little. After considering withdrawing his funding, Carnarvon agreed, after a discussion with Carter, that he would fund one more season of work in the Valley of the Kings.[18]

> Carter returned to the Valley of Kings, and investigated a line of huts that he had abandoned a few seasons earlier. The crew cleared the huts and rock debris beneath

> Carter returned to the Valley of Kings, and investigated a line of huts that he had abandoned a few seasons earlier. The crew cleared the huts and rock debris beneath. On 4 November 1922, their young water boy accidentally stumbled on a stone that turned out to be the top of a flight of steps cut into the bedrock

> In spite of evidence of break-ins in ancient times, the tomb was virtually intact, and would ultimately be found to contain over 5,000 items.

> Towards the end of February 1923, a rift between Lord Carnarvon and Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily halted the excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Lord Carnarvon apologised to Carter.[35] Later that month Lord Carnarvon contracted blood poisoning while staying in Luxor near the tomb site

> Harold Plenderleith, a former associate of Carter's at the British Museum, was quoted as saying that he knew "something about Carter that was not fit to disclose"

TL;DR

Carter had the skills necessary to fake the artifacts he discovered, which is what he did in the huts he had set up above the tomb's emplacement, as the funds that were allotted to the expedition were drying up. He attributed the discovery of to their young water boy accidentally stumbling on a stone to give the discovery the touch of innocence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_the_tomb_of_Tutan...

> The unexpectedly rich burial consisted of more than five thousand objects

It just sounds too good to be true.

The same reflexion can be applied to:

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/feb/research-stonehenge-firs...

> Professor Mike Parker Pearson (UCL Institute of Archaeology) discusses his research which has found a dismantled stone circle in west Wales which was moved to Salisbury Plain and rebuilt as Stonehenge.

The same pattern of a last successful dig can be noticed:

> Yet after having no luck with other circular monuments in the area, we returned to Waun Mawn for a final speculative dig. To everyone’s delight, our dig supervisor Dave Shaw discovered two empty stoneholes, one on each end of the arc of stones, where missing stones had once stood.

4 comments

In the days of Howard Carter essentially nothing .. and one can argue that there was no archeology then, as we understand it today, just glorified upmarket treasure hunting that destroyed invaluable layers in order to wrench gold trinkets from their settings.

Today there is procedure, as dull as that sounds, that makes it very difficult to plant evidence and get away with it (as evidenced by your linked story).

The majority of significant digs are proposed and planned some months, years even, in advance. The sites are photographed, scanned with geophysical instruments, and the stakeholders are many - land councils, archeological councils, the actual teams with feet on the ground, etc.

As trenches are dug photographs are taken, when 'something' pokes up a bit it's immediately photographed up close and measurements are taken before being carefully removed.

To stage a find would generally take more than one person and they'd have to operate in a sea of oversight.

I wouldn't claim that this is impossible, I would say that's its very hard to pull off and even harder to keep a secret for many years without someone being suspicious.

Significant artifacts get a great deal of scrutiny .. so one would have to be created that had no trace of modern tools, materials, post atomic age isotopes, etc.

> To stage a find would generally take more than one person and they'd have to operate in a sea of oversight.

And yet the japanese hoax happened. I've seen whole teams of people engage into online vote cheating in my workplace. And knowing the game is rigged is the best incentive to cheat, along with career-advancement stakes.

As for faking carbon-dating, you only need a nuclear reactor. ChatGPT brings up the following:

> The Vinland Map came to light in the 1960s, but its authenticity has been a subject of intense debate ever since. One controversial aspect of the map was a Carbon-14 dating conducted in the early 2000s, suggesting that the parchment dated back to the 15th century. However, scientists also found a modern form of ink known as an anatase titanium dioxide on the map. This particular type of ink was developed in the 20th century, causing some speculation that the map could be a forgery.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland_Map

By your own comment it didn't "happen" so much as it was "attempted"

    Hearing the rumour of fraud, journalists from Mainichi newspaper installed hidden cameras at a dig site where Fujimura was working and caught him planting artifacts. 
> As for faking carbon-dating, you only need a nuclear reactor.

"Only" .. and I think you'll find it's a lot more complicated that just that - chat with some of the scientists at a US National lab (or physicist in a nuclear field) and you'll find there's entire spectrums of isotopes that fingerprint materials pre & post Atomic age - and there's more than just carbon dating.

> Vinland Map

another example of inks and cabon not matching - as I stated in my comment it's difficult to fake artifacts.

I remember the time before that particular Japanese hoax was exposed by the Mainichi newspaper. That guy wasn't alone in claims about extremely early finds in Japan, he was part of a section of society which believed that the Japanese people were unique and different from everybody else. But the time frames they assumed made zero sense and long before that particular fraud was exposed this wasn't taken seriously anywhere else outside Japan.
> Carter had the skills necessary to fake the artifacts he discovered

Are we suggesting that he used 1.2 tons of gold to make over 5000 items, which he buried and left for a while so he could dig them up later?

"What proves this wasn't placed there by archeologists"

Carbon dating?

(in this case the dating is still in process and of course they date the material of the soil directly around the find)

You obviously can't carbon date the gold itself (because there's no carbon). But okay, sure, you can date the soil around the find. But how could that disprove a claim that archaeologists placed the gold figurines in the soil? You'd need a perfectly recorded chain of history of the dig.
"You'd need a perfectly recorded chain of history of the dig."

Yeah, but how do you perfectly proof in the first place, that it is really you asking those questions and not a implanted computerchip in your brain, or that you ain't living in a matrix? (Or me)

The philosophical answer is, you cannot.

But you can indeed donate to research, that they can hire more people, to check integrity in various ways, because generally, they are very low on funds. So yes, making fraud is an easy way to get reputation - but exposing fraud is as well, so personally I do trust them in this case until proofen otherwise. Because I see no indication of fraud here, do you?

Proper archeology carefully excavates a site and observes and documents the soil of the dig as they go through the various layers. You can tell from analyzing the soil layers if they have been recently disturbed.
Do you have links to more writing about howard carter ? It's quite interesting to me, those artefacts are still on display and are very famous