[jlokier]

> In C++ there's actually a lot more freedom.

Not really. The two languages are similar on this. The 'volatile' before 'sig_atomic_t' is still required in C++ for the same reasons as C. You can access non-volatile sig_atomic_t variables in C too, but in both languages that's not enough for the signalling that type exists for, so you have to use 'volatile sig_atomic_t', in C and C++.

An example of scenario 1) is the loop below. The 'volatile' is required in C++ the same as in C. If you interrupt the loop below in C++ with a signal handler that updates 'flag', the loop is not guaranteed to exit unless 'flag' is declared volatile.

You can test this easily. Just now I compiled the C++ code below with Clang/LLVM with -O on a Mac, and GCC with -O on Linux. On both systems and compilers, Control-C fails to stop the process if 'volatile' is not used. If compiled without -O, Control-C always interrupts the process, but you can't rely on behaviour of disabled optimisations.

  #include <signal.h>

  #if 0
  volatile
  #endif
  sig_atomic_t flag = 0;

  void handler(int sig) {
      flag = 1;
  }

  int main(void) {
      signal(SIGINT, handler);
      while (!flag) { /* Spin waiting for flag */ }
      return 0;
  }

[bigcheesegs]

In C++ this violates the data race rules both with and without volatile, but because it's sig_atomic_t it has a special carve out _only_ if it's volatile. See https://eel.is/c++draft/basic#intro.races-22

C however states :

> When the processing of the abstract machine is interrupted by receipt of a signal, the values of objects that are neither lock-free atomic objects nor of type volatile sig_atomic_t are unspecified, [...] The representation of any object modified by the handler that is neither a lock-free atomic object nor of type volatile sig_atomic_t becomes indeterminate when the handler exits.

This wording is not present in C++, as it instead defines how signal handlers fit into the memory model.

This means that (with adjustments for C atomics):

  int val = 0;
  std::atomic<bool> flag{false};
  
  void handler(int sig) {
    if (!set) {
      val = 1;
      flag = true;
    }
  }

  int main(void) {
    signal(SIGINT, handler);
    while (!flag) { /* Spin waiting for flag */ }
    return val;
  }

Is valid in C++, but not in C.

[kazinator]

std::anything<whatever> is obviously invalid in C.