[all2]

Transmitting long distances lives on a kind of spectrum. On the one end you have MOAR PWER and on the other end you have signals analysis and robust codecs (? I'm not sure "codec" is right. Maybe encoding? Can someone answer this?) that allow for lost information. The signals analysis will clean the incoming signal and the codec/encoding will allow for robust recreation of the captured data.

Most wireless transmission technology lives somewhere in-between the extremes of the above spectrum. Signals analysis is quite advanced and codecs/encodings are also quite advanced at this point.

[livueta]

My RF knowledge is hobbyist only but I think the word you're looking for is "modulation", e.g. LoRa is able to work over significant distances at low power because of its clever chirp spread spectrum modulation method.

[brokenmachine]

The longest range drone control channel, ELRS, is basically LoRa.

[SSLy]

> I'm not sure "codec" is right. Maybe encoding?

Numerology