No, the market sets the interest rate. The government issues bonds to fund the government, and they have to offer an interest rate high enough to get buyers for all of the bonds they are selling.
This gets to crux of the matter — market power. Some countries have greater power than ‘the market’ due to their military reach or trade. The US is an extreme example — international trade is largely conducted in their currency and they will and have used their hegemonic military power to maintain that. The USD interest rate is set fundamentally by the Fed. Even other sovereign states with less geopolitical power can also maintain their interest rates by their central banks voting what rate to set them at. The market effect, for them, tends to be the foreign exchange rate of their currency will vary to offset the change in interest rate. That will have some market related limits and is why many countries tend to follow the US Fed’s interest rate decisions. To address the technical aspect of ‘finding borrowers’ the central banks of their own currency tend to be the borrower of last resort and this is why the market moves to the rate that the Fed sets — because the values of existing debt will move
And who sets the Fed’s function? The construction of the market — these very constraints are ideological economic constructions not physics. The government can implement price controls, or tax excess money out of the system. They can introduce a modicum of supply side planning similar to oil reserves to isolate from global market shocks. The fundamentals are that the Fed sets interest rates based on human political considerations — there is no natural law at work here but it’s useful from a politically ideological rhetorical perspective to convince people that there is one-true-way. But the key point here is that the Fed chooses what interest rate that it pays. It can also mint a coin to pay off any outstanding balance. It’s an accounting exercise. The fundamental driving force behind the current accounting mechanism is to place artificial limits on the size of the US government’s involvement in solving US domestic problems
Right, so the point still stands. The Fed is granted the power to literally set the interest rate the US government pays on its debt. Laws that are created through human political means, not natural physical laws. The challenge is that there’s been such a dumbing down of political economic understanding that people have premised their understanding on ‘markets’ being some kind of divine natural law of the universe which blinds debate, arguably intentionally, away from what is possible to what satisfies vested interests
> The Federal Open Markets Committee sets the federal funds rate—also known as the federal funds target rate or the fed funds rate—to guide overnight lending among U.S. banks.
Why does the interest rate end up being close/near/the same as the overnight lending rate the Fed sets? Because why would anybody want any kind of risk when you can get XYZ interest rate risk free overnight short term?