[ianburrell]

How does UPI handle payment disputes? My impression is that the direct payment systems do not have chargebacks and are risky for anything that isn't immediate. What do you do if store won't give you return/refund for something broken? What do you if online store never ships? What if food stall doesn't give you your food?

With credit card, it isn't my money for a month until I have to make the payment. If there is a problem, I can chargeback. The possibility of chargeback makes the vendor's support more helpful

[programmer_dude]

In this regard a UPI transaction is the same as a cash transaction. AFAICT it does not handle payment disputes. You can use a credit card if it provides protection against this but now you need to be sure the credit card company is not scamming you (say by charging you bogus fees). As far as I am concerned using a credit card changes nothing when it comes to fraud protection.