But it now has a feature to integrate seamlessly with OneDrive, linking or replicating a folder on the user machine. Hence, I expect it has the same limitations in terms of naming.
OneDrive for Business (not consumer!) is SharePoint. It has the same restrictions as SharePoint (nb: because they're separate Web Applications, Microsoft can enable/disable features independently between "OneDrive" and SharePoint).
Yes, OneDrive client is restricted by the Win32 API in terms of allowable file names/path length (which is now 32k but Office doesn't respect MAX_PATH and implements its own ~250 path length limitation).