[2-718-281-828]

adding milk and sugar might change something about the effect of espresso. controlling for that would make the entire study much more complicated.

i'm more surprised about them not calling it simply (black) coffee. possibly because espresso preparation is quite defined versus various methods of how to brew coffee.

[sudosysgen]

Espresso is very different from black filter coffee, because the filters used in other brewing methods do not allow oil and particulate to pass through, so the composition of the drink will be different.

[2-718-281-828]

not all brewing methods require filters that provide obstacles for oil and particulate.

[lostlogin]

What process are you thinking of?

Espresso filter too - the basket has holes small enough to keep the grounds out the cup. The only coffee drink I know that has no filtering at all is Turkish coffee.

[Murfalo]

If anything wouldn't this argument suggest you should isolate and quantify the active ingredient? Certainly there is more variation between two espressos than, say, two 80 mg caffeine capsules.

[2-718-281-828]

i don't think we know much about what the active ingredients are in coffee. we only know caffeine. but i'd bet this is only one among many.