[Tade0]

UN projections, which are on the "business as usual" side of things.

Plenty of events, like the pandemic, which put immense downward pressure on fertility.

Also, the African continent is a net food importer. This could be turned around - particularly by Nigeria, which has the natural resources to produce fertiliser, but so far the observed effect has been a surge (+65%) of imports.

With the situation in Ukraine being what it is, I don't think this is sustainable.

Niger is currently experiencing a population explosion, which will force it to implement the same policies as Kenya to prevent a Malthusian catastrophe.