[steveBK123]

The EPA tests are poorly implemented, and there are two flavors of tests and the maker chooses which to run. Has to do with the number of "cycles". One of these tests tends to return fairly optimistic results, and is the one Tesla chooses for the EPA to run.

Further, EPA only tests at default settings. Some makers (ahem Tesla) default everything to the most range maximizing settings.

Next, car makers can market UP TO the EPA range, but can also market below. Tesla clearly advertises every mile they can, while the Germans undersell their range. You can see this across the board in the real-world range tests by InsideEVs, etc.

Holistically I think having a single EPA range number is wrong given how different highway & city range is for EVs. Just like ICE cars report highway & city MPG, EVs should report range in these 2 buckets.